I will not blame Ruby Tandoh for the link to the predatory bookseller in her essay; the magazine she writes for is responsible. Instead, I will just put a better link from the book image on the left to where you might purchase it. Bringing our attention to the book is enough of a good deed to overlook that link. Especially as I work on finding new ways to fix nitrogen in the soil we are prepping for coffee planting:

The Possibilities of the Peanut

I’ve made salads of peanut with watermelon and sumac, fries dunked in garlic-scented satay sauce, and more variations on my aunt’s Ghanaian groundnut stew than I can remember.

Illustration by Sophia Pappas

It would be hard to find a more devoted champion of the peanut than the agricultural scientist George Washington Carver. Born into slavery in Missouri around 1864, Carver studied at Iowa State University and then taught at the Tuskegee Institute, where he would spend much of the rest of his life learning to repair the environmental damage wrought by intensive cotton farming. He found that sweet potatoes and peanuts could replenish the depleted Southern soils, as both are nitrogen-fixing plants. By growing and regularly rotating these crops, farmers could begin to bring life back to the land.

But where Carver’s genius really shone wasn’t so much as an inventor but as a thrifter par excellence. Farmers who sowed their fields with peanuts found their soils enriched, sure, but were left with more peanuts than they knew what to do with. Enter Carver and his 1916 missive, “How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing It for Human Consumption,” which advises readers on everything from the best soil type for growing peanuts with a light-colored shell to the merits of peanut-plant hay. Carver supplies recipes for peanut candies, cakes, wafers, fudge, ice cream, cookies, and bread, as well as peanut omelettes, macaroni and cheese, salad, cream cheese, and no fewer than five distinct ways to make peanut soup. Here, a cook will find every dish that can be improved with a handful of peanuts, and many more that can’t. Four years after the bulletin’s publication at an industry convention, Carver exhibited a hundred and forty-five novel uses for peanuts and their by-products in a talk that he titled, understating things somewhat, “The Possibilities of the Peanut.”

The journalist Jori Lewis recounts some of the past and parallel lives of the peanut plant in her recent book, “Slaves for Peanuts.” The product of a dazzlingly unlikely genetic accident—Lewis describes it as a botanical “one-night stand”—Arachis hypogaea first laid down roots in the eastern foothills of the Andes some ten thousand years ago. On the surface of things, there’s little to distinguish it; for most of its life a peanut plant is a bundle of elliptical leaves on a squat, featureless bush. If you are lucky enough to catch it in the act, you can see the plant explode with small mustard-yellow flowers. After this brief flash of light, stems begin to sprout, not skyward but down into the soil. At the end of these filaments and away from prying eyes, a constellation of peanuts grows—wrinkled, tan-brown protuberances in the dirt.

Once shelled, peanuts bear treasure: they’re rich with oils and proteins, and they are as easy to eat as they are to replant. Above all, they’re versatile. As Carver put it, “I doubt if there is another foodstuff that can be so universally eaten, in some form, by every individual.” Lewis writes that by the time Europeans arrived in the Americas, the peanut was maní to the Taíno people in the Caribbean, manobi to the Tupi, tlacacauatl (earth cacao) to the Nahua, and inchic in parts of Peru. The crop wouldn’t become popular among Europeans for some time, but it found a foothold in the parts of West Africa where the French, Spanish, British, and Portuguese established trading outposts and colonies. There, it found a ready market among people already familiar with the native groundnut, which is similar in appearance. The peanut even came to commandeer the groundnut’s name, the two crops confused by European traders. We don’t know exactly when peanuts arrived on West African shores, Lewis writes. “The why, though, we can intuit; they were tasty little things.”

Read the essay, and soup recipe, here.